The electric vehicle battery market is growing rapidly as the demand for electric vehicles increases. According to some estimates, the global market for electric vehicle batteries is expected to reach $225.55 billion by 2027. This growth is driven by several factors, including increasing concerns about climate change, the falling cost of electric vehicle batteries, and government incentives and subsidies for electric vehicles.
Electric vehicle batteries are a critical component of electric vehicles made from lithium-ion or other high-capacity cells. They provide the energy needed to propel the vehicle and perform other functions, such as powering the lights, the radio, and the heating and cooling system.
Many companies produce electric vehicle batteries, including Tesla, Panasonic, LG Chem, and BYD Auto. These companies are competing to develop new technologies and materials that could improve the performance and efficiency of electric vehicle batteries, and they are investing heavily in research and development in this area.
What Types of Batteries are used in Electric Vehicles?
Lead-acid batteries are the oldest rechargeable batteries and are still used in some electric vehicles today. Lead-acid batteries are inexpensive and have a relatively long lifespan, but they are also heavy and have low energy density.
Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used batteries for electric vehicles. They have a high energy density, a long lifespan, and a relatively low environmental impact. They are also lightweight and compact, making them well-suited for electric vehicles.
Other types of batteries are also being developed for electric vehicles, including solid-state and lithium-sulfur batteries. These batteries can potentially improve the performance and efficiency of EVs, but they are still in the early stages of development.
Application Areas of Electric Vehicle Batteries
Transportation
Electric vehicle batteries are used in various electric vehicles, including passenger cars, buses, and trucks. They are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to store energy efficiently and their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, they are expected to play a key role in the transition to a low-carbon transportation sector.
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Tesla Model S is a popular luxury electric sedan powered by a lithium-ion battery pack and has a range of up to 405 miles.
Energy storage
Electric vehicle batteries can also be used for energy storage on the grid. They can store excess energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines or solar panels, and release it when needed. This can help to stabilize the grid and improve the reliability of renewable energy sources.
Industrial applications
EV batteries are being used in a variety of industrial applications, such as forklifts, baggage carts, and electric boats.
Consumer electronics
Li-ion batteries are used in various portable electronic devices, such as laptops, tablets, and cell phones. They are popular due to their high energy density and long lifespan.
Recent Developments in Electric Vehicle Battery Technology
Electric vehicle (EV) battery technology has significantly developed in recent years. Latest advancements in this area include improved energy density, increased lifespan, reduced cost, lighter weight, improved safety, and increased charging speed.
New battery technology charges EV batteries in just 10 minutes
Researchers have made a significant advancement in the design of electric vehicle batteries, allowing them to be charged in just 10 minutes. This record-breaking achievement allows for a shorter charging time and a longer travel range for electric vehicles.
"The need for smaller, faster-charging batteries is greater than ever. There are simply not enough batteries and critical raw materials, especially those produced domestically, to meet anticipated demand," said Chao-Yang Wang, the study's lead author.
The researchers introduced an ultrathin nickel foil to the battery structure. The nickel foil acts as a catalyst and regulates the temperature and reactivity of the battery, enabling fast charging in just 10 minutes for any electric vehicle battery.
MIT achieves major milestone in solid-state lithium battery development
Solid-state lithium batteries have several advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries, including increased energy density, improved safety, and a longer lifespan.
These batteries are made from solid electrolyte materials that are more resistant to overheating and short circuits than traditional lithium-ion batteries. However, the growth of dendrites within the solid electrolyte has been a longstanding problem and can lead to catastrophic failures.
MIT researchers have introduced a new way to control the growth of dendrites in batteries by applying and releasing pressure, directing them to grow parallel to the electrodes and preventing them from crossing to the other side. This method allows the dendrites to be rendered harmless, improving the performance and safety of the battery.
Silicon anode-lithium-ion batteries
Sila Nanotechnologies uses silicon to replace the graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries, which is expected to increase energy density by 20-40% and improve charging speed. The technology will be available as an elite option in the new electric EQG from Mercedes in 2025.
Sodium-ion batteries
The Pacific Northwest National Lab has announced a breakthrough in sodium-ion battery technology that is more resistant to temperature-related issues, able to charge multiple times without degradation, and less toxic. The researchers also believe they can eliminate or reduce the use of cobalt in EV batteries.
Current Global Market of Electric Vehicle Batteries
The global market for electric vehicle batteries experienced a 7.1% compound annual growth rate, increasing from $23.74 billion in 2021 to $25.43 billion in 2022.
The lithium-ion battery remains the dominant technology in the electric vehicle battery market due to its fast charging capability and high energy density. It is the only available technology that meets OEM requirements for electric vehicles with sufficient range and fast charging.
The decreasing cost of lithium-ion batteries is also a major factor driving increasing demand, which dropped from $800-900/kWh to $130-140/kWh in 2021.
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the growth of the electric vehicle battery market. Production was delayed due to disruptions in the extraction of materials such as cobalt, lithium, aluminum, and nickel. In addition, the manufacturing facilities and supply chain were also affected by the unavailability of raw materials, leading to a decrease in electric vehicle sales.
Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, the electric vehicle battery market showed signs of resilience as activities resumed at the end of 2020. The decreasing cost of batteries increased consumer awareness of electric vehicles, and other factors contributed to the increased adoption of electric vehicle batteries.
The European electric vehicle battery market
The European EV battery market experienced strong growth following the pandemic, partly due to the implementation of emissions standards in 2020 and government incentives for new electric vehicle buyers.
The European Union strongly supports the development of the electric vehicle market and promotes this technology, which is why the European Commission launched the European Battery Alliance in 2017. As a result, there were significant developments in battery production in Europe in just one year.
The European EV battery market is expected to experience a 6.5% compound annual growth rate during the forecast period of 2022-2027.
Germany is the fastest-growing country in the European EV battery market during the forecast period. SVOLT Energy Technology plans to build the first European lithium-ion cell factory in Saarlouis, Germany, with production scheduled to begin by the end of 2023.
The US electric vehicle battery market
The US government supports the development of the EV battery market through various initiatives and incentives. For example, the Department of Energy has introduced several programs to support the development and deployment of advanced battery technologies, including EV batteries.
Overall, the market for EV batteries in the US is expected to continue to grow in the coming years as the demand for electric vehicles increases and new technologies are developed.
Asian dominance in the EV battery manufacturing market
Despite efforts by Europe and the US to increase domestic battery production, the electric vehicle battery market is still dominated by Asian companies, with the top 10 electric vehicle battery producers being Asian corporations.
Chinese companies currently hold a 56% share of the electric vehicle battery market, followed by Korean and Japanese manufacturers at 26% and 10%, respectively.
CATL, the leading EV battery supplier, increased its market share from 32% in 2021 to 34% in 2022. The Chinese company supplies lithium-ion batteries to major automakers, including Tesla, BMW, and Toyota.
Popular EV battery startups
Following are some startups expected to drive innovation in EV battery technology and reduce production costs.
Liminal
Liminal offers a combination of hardware and software using ultrasound technology to help automakers improve their battery-manufacturing process and avoid costly problems such as the $800 million recall of the Chevrolet Bolt.
The technology identifies defects during the manufacturing process and provides insights through machine learning to increase the number and speed of battery production.
Lithium Werks
Lithium Werks' APR18650m1B Power Cells are suitable for various power, pulse, and standby applications. The cells use Nanophosphate battery technology, which offers stable chemistry, fast charging, consistent output, long lifespan, and improved cost-efficiency.
QuantumScape
The startup claims its solid-state batteries are the best in the market and can be used in real-world electric vehicles. The company aims to address the cost and fast charging issues associated with traditional lithium-ion batteries.
The startup has raised $300 million in funding since it was founded in 2010 and went public in November 2020.
Future of Electric Vehicle Batteries
The electric vehicle battery market in the US and Europe is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years due to strict government emissions regulations and increased adoption of electric vehicles, high disposable income, consumer awareness of the benefits of electric vehicles, environmental consciousness, and the presence of major automakers in the region.
The demand for sustainable products and the adoption of advanced technologies also support market growth in these regions.
As electric vehicle sales increase, many batteries are expected to enter the market and eventually reach the end of their life, raising questions about how they will be managed – whether they will be recycled or have a second life.
Establishing a stable and viable global lithium-ion battery value chain requires access to battery component materials. High levels of battery recycling can help secure a supply of materials for the value chain.
Solid-state batteries could replace lithium-ion
Startups developing solid-state batteries consider lithium-ion cells outdated technology and believe they have reached the limits of energy density improvements. Solid-state technology may replace lithium-ion cells as demand for higher performance increases.
Solid-state batteries offer faster charging, higher energy density, and lower fire risk, but analysts predict it will be a while before the technology is ready for practical use.
Final Thoughts
Electric vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions through reduced tailpipe emissions. In addition, a circular electric vehicle battery value chain that analyzes materials, standardizes processes and generates profit will speed up the global transition to a low-carbon future.
References and Further Reading
Hossain, M.S., Kumar, L., El Haj Assad, M. and Alayi, R., 2022. Advancements and Future Prospects of Electric Vehicle Technologies: A Comprehensive Review. Complexity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3304796
Jin, Y., Le, P.M., Gao, P., Xu, Y., Xiao, B., Engelhard, M.H., Cao, X., Vo, T.D., Hu, J., Zhong, L. and Matthews, B.E., 2022. Low-solvation electrolytes for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries. Nature Energy, 7(8), pp.718-725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01055-0
Wang, C.Y., Liu, T., Yang, X.G., Ge, S., Stanley, N.V., Rountree, E.S., Leng, Y. and McCarthy, B.D., 2022. Fast charging of energy-dense lithium-ion batteries. Nature, 611(7936), pp.485-490. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05281-0
Zhao, Y., Pohl, O., Bhatt, A.I., Collis, G.E., Mahon, P.J., Rüther, T. and Hollenkamp, A.F., 2021. A review on battery market trends, second-life reuse, and recycling. Sustainable Chemistry, 2(1), pp.167-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010011
Drabik, E. and Rizos, V., 2018. Prospects for electric vehicle batteries in a circular economy. CEPS Research Report No 2018/05, July 2018. Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/94326/ (Accessed on 19 December 2022)
David L. Chandler., 2022. Engineers Solve a Mystery on the Path to Smaller, Lighter Batteries. [Online]. MIT News Office. Available at: https://news.mit.edu/2022/controlling-dendrities-lithium-batteries-1118 (Accessed on 19 December 2022)
DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory., 2022. Longer lasting sodium-ion batteries on the horizon: An Advanced Sodium-Ion Battery Design Overcomes Technical Hurdles. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/07/220713114631.htm (Accessed on 19 December 2022)
Doll, S., 2022. Mercedes-Benz TAPS SILA to Produce Next-Gen Anodes for Upcoming EQG Electric G-Wagon. [Online]. Electrek. https://electrek.co/2022/05/17/mercedes-benz-taps-sila-to-produce-next-gen-anodes-for-upcoming-eqg-electric-g-wagon/ (Accessed on 19 December 2022)
Evannex., 2021. Exactly Who Are The Major Players In The EV Battery Market? [Online]. InsideEVs. Available at: https://insideevs.com/news/533576/major-players-electric-car-batteries/
Alexa St. John., 2022. Read the 11-Slide Pitch Deck Startup Liminal used to Scoop Up $8 Million to Help Electric Car Makers Avoid Costly Battery Recalls — and Get Ahead of Tesla. [Online]. Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/pitch-deck-battery-startup-liminal-electric-vehicle-venture-capital-2022-4 (Accessed on 19 December 2022)
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